Daylight and Sunlight – BRE Guidelines

This article unpacks the BRE Guidelines on Daylight and Sunlight, offering a thorough understanding of its core metrics, design principles, and planning applications. It serves as a vital resource for developers, architects, planning consultants, and surveyors.

Natural light significantly affects the design, sustainability, and usability of buildings. To promote equitable access to daylight and sunlight in new developments, and to safeguard the amenity of existing properties, the Building Research Establishment (BRE) provides detailed guidance through the document BR209 – Site Layout Planning for Daylight and Sunlight: A Guide to Good Practice.

What Are the BRE Guidelines?

The BRE Guidelines provide best-practice, non-statutory advice on how to design site layouts that allow adequate daylight and sunlight for buildings and outdoor spaces.

The 2022 edition of BR209 updates the guidance in line with BS EN 17037, focusing on maintaining amenity in increasingly dense environments.

Securing good daylight and sunlight in new buildings

Protecting the amenity of existing properties

Enhancing outdoor spaces with natural light

Minimising solar obstruction for sustainable energy use

These benchmarks are widely recognised by local planning authorities and form the basis of daylight and sunlight impact assessments.

Daylight and Sunlight BRE Guidelines - Key Metrics

1. Vertical Sky Component (VSC)

VSC measures the amount of visible sky at the centre of a window and indicates the potential for daylight entry. It is expressed as a percentage.

More than or equal 27%: Ideal daylight conditions

15%–27%: Acceptable with careful internal design

5%–15%: Challenging for daylight compliance

Less than 5%: Very poor daylighting

If the VSC falls below 27% and is reduced by more than 20%, the impact is usually perceptible.

2. No Sky Line (NSL)

No Sky Line (NSL) or daylight distribution, identifies how much of a room’s working plane receives a direct view of the sky. If less than 0.8 times the previous NSL area remains lit after development, it indicates a likely noticeable reduction in daylight.

3. Annual Probable Sunlight Hours (APSH)

APSH measures the percentage of sunlight a window receives throughout the year. It applies only to windows facing within 90° of due south.

Minimum standard: 25% annually and 5% during winter months

Significant impact: Reduction to less than 0.8 times the previous APSH

Applying the Daylight and Sunlight BRE Guidelines in Practice

New Development Layouts

Effective design starts with strategic site layout. Developers can optimise natural light by considering:

Orientation: South-facing windows maximise solar gain

Spacing: Sufficient separation between buildings prevents overshadowing

Room Depth: Shallow floorplates allow daylight to penetrate deeper

Window Placement: Avoid locating windows in recessed areas or under balconies

Dual Aspect Units: Enable better cross-ventilation and daylight distribution

Internal Daylight Assessments

Design teams can evaluate internal daylighting using either:

Illuminance-based methods: Climate-based simulation for real-world conditions

Daylight Factor method: Ratio-based calculation using overcast sky assumptions

Impact on Existing Buildings

When a new development is proposed near existing properties, it is critical to assess whether the project would result in an unacceptable loss of natural light.

VSC: If a window's VSC drops below 27% and is reduced by 20% or more, there may be a noticeable impact.

NSL: If less than 0.8 of the former sky-lit area remains, the room may appear significantly darker.

APSH: If a window facing within 90° of south sees annual sunlight hours fall below 25%, or winter hours below 5%, and the change exceeds 20%, the reduction is considered material.

For residential extensions, the 45° rule in plan and elevation provides a simplified check to flag whether further analysis is needed.

Daylight and Sunlight in Outdoor Spaces

Outdoor amenity areas such as gardens, courtyards, or playgrounds benefit greatly from access to sunlight. The BRE recommends that:

At least 50% of an outdoor amenity area should receive at least two hours of sunlight on 21 March (the spring equinox).

If the area that meets this threshold drops below 0.8 times its previous level, the impact is likely significant.

Passive Solar Design and Solar Technology

Passive Solar Heating

Building façades should be oriented within ±30° of due south

Avoid overshadowing from nearby structures or vegetation

Obstruction angles should not exceed critical thresholds based on latitude

Photovoltaic (PV) and Solar Thermal Systems

Optimum: South-facing panels at a 35° tilt

Shading can significantly reduce performance, especially in string inverter systems

Reassessment needed if APSH falls by more than 10%

Flexibility and Local Context

The BRE recognises that applying the standard daylight and sunlight targets may not always be feasible—particularly in constrained urban sites or heritage contexts. Appendix F of BR209 offers a method for adopting alternative target values without undermining design quality or planning compliance.

To apply alternative targets, designers should:

Characterise the area (urban density, conservation status)

Benchmark performance against comparable local buildings

Use existing building stock as a contextual baseline

Justify alternative values within a formal daylight and sunlight report

Maintain a commitment to well-lit, high-quality internal spaces

This method promotes a performance-based approach that supports high-quality design while balancing amenity in complex or built-up environments.

Summary of Key BRE Target Values

VSC (Vertical Sky Component)	≥ 27%	< 27% and < 0.8 × previous value
NSL (No Sky Line)	≥ 0.8 × former sky-lit area	< 0.8 × former value
APSH (Sunlight Hours)	≥ 25% annual / ≥ 5% winter	< target and < 0.8 × previous value
Outdoor Amenity Sunlight	≥ 2 hrs on 21 March (50% of area)	< 0.8 × former sunlit area
Passive Solar Orientation	±30° of due south	—

Conclusion - Daylight and Sunlight BRE Guidelines

The Daylight and Sunlight – BRE Guidelines offer a reliable framework for promoting good quality natural light in both new and existing developments. While the targets are advisory, they are widely adopted by local authorities and frequently used in planning decisions.

By integrating these principles into the early stages of design, developers and consultants can enhance the sustainability, marketability, and livability of their projects—while also improving prospects for planning success.

Daylight and Sunlight BRE Guidelines - Need expert support with Assessments?

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